Roma Antiga

Blog sobre a Roma Antiga: história, cultura, usos e costumes.

quarta-feira, junho 15, 2011

Jewish Military Forces in the Roman Service por Jonathan P. Roth
É um artigo de um historiador norte-americano. O tema é interessante e levanta boas questões, mas tem defeitos fatais.
Começa pela questão de saber a identidade das pessoas. Os historiadores antigos tinham a tendência para fazer generalizações (o que é compreensível em zonas pequenas com enormes diversidades étnicas). Assim, na síria, um habitante poderia ser chamado de sírio, independentemente de ser sírio, judeu, ou outra etnia diferente. Depois existe a questão da identidade da pessoa. São Paulo era romano ou judeu? Ambos obviamente, mas em contextos diferentes ele seria considerado judeu (para os seus correligionários em questões religiosas) ou romano (do ponto de vista jurídico).
É apresentado de seguida um panorama da organização militar dos Herodíades (na maior parte das vezes recorrendo a Josefo que utilizava vocabulário grego tirado dos exércitos helenísticos para descrever o armamento, patentes e estruturas dos exércitos judeus, o que confunde as coisas dado que se ignora o que ele quer dizer com esses nomes).
Os diversos reinos da dinastia de Herodes foram recrutando diversas unidades de outras populações: samaritanos, idumeneus (basicamente minorias que eram detestados pelos judeus). Mas o autor considera que estas populações eram judias também (mesmo que não fossem assim considerados pelos judeus seguidores do Templo de Jerusalém), portanto, quando o autor fala de tropas judias ao serviço de Roma, será necessário fazer essa ressalva, pois ele está a considerar populações que normalmente não são vistas desse modo (dado que o termo “judeus” é habitualmente reservado aos seguidores do Templo).
A esta luz, faz algum sentido o comportamento de boa parte das tropas “judias” que ficaram do lado de Roma (embora algumas se tivessem juntado aos revoltosos, o que mostra que as coisas deviam ser longe de ser lineares).
São apresentados diversos casos de legionários e oficiais subalternos com nomes romanos que são considerados como judeus dado que serviam em unidades estacionadas na Judeia. Ora, isso parece-me um argumento um pouco forçado. É certo, que se no ocidente as legiões eram recrutadas em Itália (ou descendentes de italianos em colónias), e no oriente desde cedo se recorreu ao recrutamento no oriente, isso não quer dizer que as tropas fossem de origem local. Sem outro tipo de evidência (diplomas ou inscrições em túmulos), acho arriscado considerar que alguém com um nome romano é forçosamente judeu…
O autor considera que a famosa guarda do templo que teria prendido Jesus, não era constituída efectivamente por guardas, mas sim que os evangelistas confundiram por ignorância da realidade, guardas com sacerdotes que seriam guardiões do templo (sem grandes provas na minha opinião). Também considera que a coorte romana que é referida no evangelho, não existiu, ou quanto muito seria constituída por samaritanos.
Termina com “que fizeram os romanos por nós”, descrevendo os zelotas como um bando de fanáticos, perseguidor de outras populações, verdadeiro obstáculo ao progresso civilizacional, paz e prosperidade que os romanos trouxeram, sendo para o autor, os judeus que colaboraram com Roma os verdadeiros patriotas. Confesso que tive de me conter para não me rir com esta última parte. Percebo que se admire muito uma civilização, mas um bocadinho de objectividade e sobriedade é o mínimo que se pede a um historiador profissional.
A bibliografia aliás ajuda a explicar: alguns sólidos livros de historiadores, mas nada ligado à arqueologia.

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